Preparing Great Britain’s Distribution Networks for Net Zero: The Local Challenge

The transition to net zero by 2050 presents one of the greatest infrastructure challenges in modern times. As Great Britain accelerates the adoption of low carbon technologies (LCTs) such as electric vehicles (EVs), heat pumps, and rooftop solar panels ensuring that electricity distribution networks can accommodate these changes is critical. 

At EA Technology, we recently partnered with Regen to conduct an in-depth Electricity Distribution Network Capacity Analysis for the National Infrastructure Commission (NIC). This project explores the future of electricity networks, identifying potential bottlenecks and providing strategic recommendations for reinforcement and flexibility. 

You can check out our previous blog post here which presented our findings from the national analysis. In addition to the national modelling, it was essential for NIC’s engagement with policy makers to understand and articulate the range in specific local challenges networks face. To support this, EA Technology led the development of seven local low voltage (LV) network case studies, working with DNOs to model real-world network configurations using our VisNet Design® tool (Low Voltage Network Design Software | VisNet® Design). 

• These case studies focused on representative urban, suburban, and rural LV networks to assess how LCT deployment at the local level would impact network performance and capacity.  Each case study being developed based on actual DNO networks and associated technical data. 

• Each case study examined different archetypes of LV networks, reflecting the diverse characteristics of distribution systems across the country. By modelling specific LV feeders and substations, the analysis identified potential constraints, including transformer overloading, voltage drops, and thermal capacity breaches. 

• The case studies explored interventions such as transformer upgrades, feeder reconfigurations, and enhanced monitoring solutions. Additionally, EA Technology analysed the potential for flexibility services—including demand-side response and dynamic network management—to alleviate constraints and defer costly reinforcements. 

• The analysis demonstrated that while flexibility can play a crucial role in managing peak demand, physical network upgrades will still be necessary to achieve net zero by 2050, especially in rural and suburban areas with high concentrations of heat pumps and EVs. VisNet® | LV Network Monitoring Systems | Powerful Insights

Are you looking to efficiently model new connections like solar panels or EV charge points on existing electrical networks? Our intuitive web-based application, VisNet® Design, enables rapid assessment and iteration, accelerating the transition from request to fully costed design. 

Key Findings: 

• Local and National Impacts: While national-level modelling provides a broad perspective, local case studies reveal the specific challenges faced by different regions. Rural networks, for example, may experience significant constraints due to higher LCT uptake. 

• Diverse Local Constraints Require Tailored Solutions: The case studies demonstrate that network constraints vary significantly depending on location, customer distribution, and load types. While urban networks benefit from existing infrastructure for network reconfiguration, rural networks are more likely to require significant transformer upgrades. 

• Flexibility – Delaying but not Eliminating Reinforcement: In several scenarios, demand-side response and incentivised EV charging control could defer reinforcement investments. However, as LCT adoption grows, the dynamic demand control and flexibility procurement will only get so far before Reinforcement is inevitable. 

• Monitoring is Crucial for Effective Network Planning: Across all case studies, continuous LV network monitoring was identified as essential to managing increasing LCT uptake. By proactively identifying constraints, distribution network operators (DNOs) can avoid unnecessary reinforcements and focus on targeted, cost-effective solutions, particularly in dense urban areas. 

• Conclusion: This project highlights the urgent need to plan and invest in electricity distribution networks today. By embracing flexibility measures and reinforcing infrastructure, we can ensure the resilience and adaptability of the grid as we transition towards net zero. 

For a deeper dive into our findings, [download the full project report here]. 

EA Technology’s Transform Model® and VisNet Design® have been instrumental in helping network operators and policymakers navigate the complexities of the energy transition. If you are interested in leveraging these tools to optimise your network planning, we invite you to get in touch and discuss how we can support your projects. 

Acknowledgements 

This work forms part of the NIC’s broader remit, set out by HM Treasury in 2024, to assess the challenges of preparing Great Britain’s electricity distribution networks for the net-zero transition.  

The remit aimed to assess the load-related expenditure required to electrify heat and transport, enabling the delivery of a Net Zero power system [Terms of reference – distribution networks study - GOV.UK]. Additionally, the NIC’s remit included evaluating the policy and regulatory frameworks that guide how network companies invest in and operate their infrastructure. The study also explored the opportunities presented by flexibility and smarter network solutions, while considering the roles of key stakeholders such as Ofgem, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs), and the new Regional Energy Strategic Planning (RESP) function within the National Energy System Operator (NESO). Additionally, the NIC’s remit included evaluating the policy and regulatory frameworks that guide how network companies invest in and operate their infrastructure. The study also explored the opportunities presented by flexibility and smarter network solutions, while considering the roles of key stakeholders such as Ofgem, Distribution Network Operators (DNOs), and the new Regional Energy Strategic Planning (RESP) function within the National Energy System Operator (NESO).